Contents: 1. Introduction Sheridan Gilley; Part I. Christianity and Modernity: 2. The papacy Sheridan Gilley; 3. Theology and the revolt against the Enlightenment Douglas Hedley; 4. The growth of voluntary religion David Bebbington; 5. Catholic revivalism in worship and devotion Mary Heimann; 6. Women preachers and the new orders Janice Holmes and Susan O#Brien; 7. Church architecture and religious art Andrew Sanders; 8. Musical trends in the Western church: a collision of the #ancient# and #modern# Jeremy Dibble; 9. Christianity and literature in English Andrew Sanders; 10. Christian social thought John Molony and David M. Thompson; 11. Christianity and the sciences Nicolaas Rupke; 12. History and the Bible John Rogerson; 13. Popular religion and irreligion in the countryside and town David M. Thompson; Part II. The Churches and National Identities: 14. Catholic Christianity in France from the restoration to the separation of church and state, 1815#1905 James McMillan; 15. Italy: the Church and the Risorgimento Frank J. Coppa; 16. Catholicism, Ireland and the Irish diaspora Sheridan Gilley; 17. Catholic nationalism in Greater Hungary and Poland Gabriel Adriányi and Jerzy Koczowski; 18. Christianity and the creation of Germany Anthony J. Steinhoff; 19. Anglicanism, Presbyterianism and the religious identities of the United Kingdom John Wolffe; 20. Protestant dominance: Switzerland and the Netherlands Urs Altermatt and Michael Wintle; 21. Scandinavia: Lutherism and national identity Dag Thorkildsen; 22. #Christian America# and #Christian Canada# Mark A. Noll; 23. Spain and Portugal: the challenge to the church William Callahan; 24. Latin America: the church and national independence John Lynch; 25. Between East and West: the Eastern Catholic (#Uniate#) churches Robert J. Taft; Part III. The Expansion of Christianity: 26. African-American Christianity Jon Sensbach; 27. Christian missions, anti-slavery and the claims of humanity, c.1813#1873 Brian Stanley; 28. The Midd