This book is the first attempt to systematically introduce the aspect of time into economic and environmental innovation policy. The authors demonstrate how #windows of opportunity# for technological innovations emerge and also explain how they can be identified and effectively exploited. Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Conceptual Framework 3. Phase-out of CFCs and the Protection of the Ozone Layer 4. Mercury-based Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis # Retro-fitting and Phase-out as Strategic Alternatives 5. Policy, Time and Technological Competition: Lean-Burn Engine versus Catalytic Converter in Japan and Europe 6. Crystalline and Thin-Film Photovoltaic Cells # Competition or Lock-in? 7. LUBILOSA # An Ecological Alternative to Chemical Pesticides 8. Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate in California: Misguided Policy or Example of Enlightened Leadership? 9. Stationary Fuel Cells and the Decentralised Cogeneration of Power and Heat 10. The Influence of (Un)Certainty on the Effectiveness of Political Regulation # The Case of EDTA 11. Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines # Between Climate Protection and Other Policy Objectives 12. Technological Competition, Time and Time Windows # The Case of Iron and Steel Production Technologies 13. Techno-Political Competition and Lock- in: The Case of Nuclear Power Technologies 14. VHS versus Beta # The Case of VHS as a De Facto Standard in Video Recording 15. Conclusions # A Time-Strategic Ecological Innovation Policy Index Contributors include: G. Erdmann, T. Franke, R. Kemp, J. Nill, C. Sartorius, J. Tiessen, D. Weiner, S. Zundel