One theme of this volume is whether the complementarity between technology and human capital is a recent phenomenon, or whether it can be traced through history. Different approaches to human capital as well as technology are applied, and besides historical surveys are total factor productivity and patent data employed. The studies deal with the Iberian peninsula, Scandinavia, and Canada, countries displaying different patterns in the international development. Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations List of Contributors Preface Technology and Human Capital in Historical Perspective: An Introduction; J.Ljungberg Human Capital and Industrialization: The Case of a Late Comer - Portugal, 1890; J.Reis Engineering Expertise and the Canadian Exploitation of the Technology of the Second Industrial Revolution; M.McInnis Technology Shifts, Industrial Dynamics and Labour Market Institutions in Sweden, 1920-95; L.Svensson Did Higher Technical Education Pay?; J.Ljungberg Economic Growth, Technology Transfer and Convergence in Spain, 1960-73; M.Cebrián & S.López Variations in Total Factor Productivity Analysed with Cointegration: Swedish Manufacturing Industry, 1950-94; C.Josephson Spain's Low Technological Level of: An Explanation; J.Ortiz-Villajos Technological Specialization in Sweden and Finland 1963-97: Contrasting Developments; S.Lingärde & J.Saarinen Index