Analysing the key problems facing the transition countries in Central and Eastern Europe, this accessible book describes the legacy of the central planners, the progress achieved so far and the need for further reforms. It documents the outstanding successes and failures, and analyses why certain approaches to transition have worked and others have not. It tests where transition is over and shows how some countries have graduated from 'transition' to 'integration' through their efforts to join the European Union (EU). It discusses the costs and benefits of the eastern enlargement of the EU. The specific experiences of German unification, the Soviet Union's disintegration, and Russia's complex reforms are examined, as are the specific issues that need to be addressed in the Balkans. The book concludes by indicating how the expanding EU could help the poor performers through inclusion in a continent-wide integrated economic area. ÍNDICE:Part I. The Rise and Decline of Communism: An Overview: 1. From pre-war Russia to the fall of Communism 2. The obsession with growth Part II. Transition: 1990-2000: 3. Transition: the job 4. Transition: ten years later 5. Transition: unfinished business Part III: Extreme Cases for Reform: Scope for Disagreements: 6. German unification: an example of big-bang reform 7. The disintegration of the Soviet Union 8. Russia: after a lost decade Phoenix rises from the ashes? Part IV. The New Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals: 9. Eastern enlargement 10. Saving the Balkans 11. The outlook Bibliography.